27 Dec 07
Practitioners of occupations requiring complex strategies of estimation and decision making acquire a large portion of their practical knowledge from observing and interacting with other skilled practitioners. … Although the social dimension of learning is critical to practical application of knowledge, we construct formal learning in schools and universities in ways that discourage social interaction. We emphasize individual cognition over social interaction, abstract manipulation of symbols over concrete application in practical settings, and generalized learning over applications in specific social contexts. As a consequence, learning in school becomes progressively isolated from the kind of learning that affects people’s competencies in real life. The problem for teachers is not whether students will learn when they are not in school. People are inveterate learners. Rather, the problem is how to construct learning in school so as to maximize its influence over learning in the world.— Richard F. Elmore, Education for Judgment: The Artistry of Discussion Leadership, xiv.